The increasing militarization of outer space presents a critical challenge to global security and the sustainable use of space for peaceful purposes. Current international agreements, like the Outer Space Treaty, lack enforceable mechanisms to prevent the weaponization of space, creating a gap that could lead to an arms race, orbital debris, and the destruction of vital infrastructure. A multi-faceted approach could help mitigate these risks by combining diplomatic, legal, and technical measures.

A Multi-Pronged Approach to Space Security

One way to address this issue is through a combination of politically binding codes of conduct, international treaties, and collaboration with existing initiatives. Politically binding agreements, while not legally enforceable, could encourage transparency—such as shared satellite tracking—and confidence-building measures like joint monitoring. These could be supplemented by efforts to draft a new treaty explicitly banning space weapons, with stronger verification mechanisms than the Outer Space Treaty. Existing projects, such as the Woomera Manual and MILAMOS, which clarify international space law and military rules, could provide a foundation for these efforts.

Stakeholder Engagement and Incentives

Key stakeholders include governments, private space companies, and the global public. Spacefaring nations may resist restrictions due to security concerns but could be persuaded by the risks of mutual destruction and economic costs. Non-spacefaring nations would likely support measures ensuring equitable access to space, while private companies would benefit from stable regulations. Diplomatic outreach, technical working groups, and advocacy campaigns could help build consensus.

Execution and Feasibility

A phased approach could start with research and coalition-building, including feasibility studies and engagement with existing projects. A pilot agreement—such as a transparency mechanism among a small group of nations—could test compliance measures. Scaling up would involve expanding participation and developing verification technologies, like third-party monitoring. Challenges, such as resistance from major powers, could be addressed by focusing on defensive rather than offensive restrictions and using open-source monitoring tools to build trust.

By leveraging existing frameworks and gradually introducing enforceable measures, this approach could help preserve space as a domain for peaceful exploration and collaboration.